Manual of Fracture Management—Wrist

Allieu Y, Brahin B, Ascencio G. Carpal instabilities: radiological and clinico- pathological classification. Ann Radiol. 1982; 25:275–287.

Berger RA. The ligaments of the wrist: a current overview of anatomy with considerations of their potential functions. Hand Clin. 1997; 13:63–82.

Brunelli GA, Brunelli GA. Carpal instability with scapho-lunate dissociation treated using the flexor carpi radialis and scapho-trapezoid ligament repair: foundations, technique and results of preliminary series. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2003; 89:152–157.

Cooney WP, Bussey R, Dobyns JH, et al. Difficult wrist fractures: perilunate fracture-dislocations of the wrist. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1987; 214:136–147.

Fenton RL. The naviculo-capitate fracture syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956; 38:681–684.

Garcia-Elias M, Lluch AL, Stanley JK. Three- ligament tenodesis for the treatment of scapholunate dissociation: indications and surgical technique. J Hand Surg Am. 2006; 31:125–134.

Geissler WB, Freeland AE, Savoie FH, et al. Intracarpal soft-tissue lesions associated with an intra-articular fracture of the distal end of the radius. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996; 78:357–365.

Goldfarb CA, Stern PJ, Kiefhaber TR. Palmar midcarpal instability: the results of treatment with 4-corner arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 2004; 29:258–263.

Johnson RP. The evolution of carpal nomenclature: a short review. J Hand Surg Am. 1990; 15:834–838.

Larsen CF, Amadio PC, Gilula LA, et al. Analysis of carpal instability, I: description of the scheme. J Hand Surg Am. 1995; 20:757–764.

Lichtman DM, Bruckner JD, Culp RW, et al. Palmar midcarpal instability: results of surgical reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 1993; 18:307–315.

Lichtman DM, Wroten ES. Understanding midcarpal instability. J Hand Surg Am. 2006; 31:491–498.

Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH. Treatment of scapholunate dissociation. Hand Clin. 1992; 8:645–652.

Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH, Beabout JW, et al. Traumatic instability of the wrist: diagnosis, classification, and pathomechanics. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972; 54:1612–1632.

Mayfield JK, Johnson RP, Kilcoyne RK. Carpal dislocations: pathomechanics and progressive perilunar instability. J Hand Surg Am. 1980; 5:226–241.

Minami A, Kaneda K. Repair and/or reconstruction of scapholunate interosseous ligament in lunate and perilunate dislocations. J Hand Surg Am. 1993 Nov; 18(6):1099–1106.

Mitsuyasu H, Patterson RM, Shah MA, et al. The role of the dorsal intercarpal ligament in dynamic and static scapholunate instability. J Hand Surg Am. 2004; 29:279–288.

Rettig ME, Raskin KB. Long-term assessment of proximal row carpectomy for chronic perilunate dislocations. J  Hand Surg Am. 1999; 24:1231–1236.

Rikli DA, Honigmann P, Babst R, et al. Intra-articular pressure measurement in the radioulnocarpal joint using a novel sensor: in vitro and in vivo results. J Hand Surg Am. 2007; 32:67–75.

Ritt MJPF, Linscheid RL, Cooney WP, et al. The lunotriquetral joint: kinematic effects of sequential ligament sectioning, ligament repair, and arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 1998; 23:432–445.

Saffar P. Classification of carpal instabilities. In: Büchler U (ed). Wrist Instability. London: Martin Dunitz; 1996:29–34.

Shin AY, Weinstein LP, Berger RA, et al. Treatment of isolated injuries of the lunotriquetral ligament: a comparison of arthrodesis, ligament reconstruction and ligament repair. J Bone Joint Surg. 2001; 83:1023–1028.

Siegel JM, Ruby LK. A critical look at intercarpal arthrodesis: review of the literature. J Hand Surg Am. 1996; 21:717– 723.

Taleisnik J. The Wrist. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1985.

Viegas SF. Ligamentous repair following acute scapholunate dissociation. In: Gelberman RH (ed). Master Techniques in Orthopedic Surgery: The Wrist. New York: Raven Press; 1994:135–146.

Walsh JJ, Berger RA, Cooney WP. Current status of scapholunate interosseous ligament injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2002; 10:32–42.

Watson HK, Ashmead D IV, Makhlouf MV. Examination of the scaphoid. J Hand Surg Am. 1988; 13:657–660.

Watson HK, Weinzweig J, Zeppieri J. The natural progression of scaphoid instability. Hand Clin. 1997; 13:39–49.

Zdravkovic V, Sennwald GR. A new radiographic method of measuring carpal collapse. J Bone Joint Surg. 1997; 79:167– 169.

Cohen MD, Jupiter JB. Fractures of the distal radius. In: Browner BD (ed). Skeletal Trauma: Basic Science, Management, and Reconstruction. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2009:1405–1458.

Dumontier C, Meyer zu Rexkendorf G, Sautet A, et al. Radiocarpal dislocations: classification and proposal for treatment. A review of twenty-seven cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001; 83:212–218.

Fernandez DL. Correction of post-traumatic wrist deformity in adults by osteotomy, bone-grafting, and internal fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982; 64:1164–1178.

Fernandez DL. Fractures of the distal radius: operative treatment. Instr Course Lect. 1993; 42:73–88.

Fernandez DL, Ring D, Jupiter JB. Surgical management of delayed union and nonunion of distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2001; 26A:201–209.

Gong HS, Cho HE, Kim J, et al. Surgical treatment of acute distal radioulnar joint instability associated with distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg Eur. 2015; 40:783– 789.

Hanel DP, Lu TS, Weil WM. Bridge plating of distal radius fractures: the Harborview method. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006; 445:91–99.

Jakob M, Rikli DA, Regazzoni P. Fractures of the distal radius treated by internal fixation and early function. A prospective study of 73 consecutive patients. J Bone Joint Surg. 2000; 82:340–344.

Jupiter JB, Ring D. A comparison of early and late reconstruction of malunited fractures of the distal end of the radius. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996; 78:739–748.

Karnezis IA, Panagiotopoulos E, Tyllianakis M, et al. Correlation between radiological parameters and patient-rated wrist dysfunction following fractures of the  distal radius. Injury. 2005; 36:1435–1439.

Krämer S, Meyer H, O’Loughlin PF, et al. The incidence of ulnocarpal complaints after distal radial fracture in relation to the fracture of the ulnar styloid. J Hand Surg Eur. 2013; 38:710–717.

Lafontaine M, Hardy D, Delince PH. Stability assessment of distal radius fractures. Injury. 1989; 20:208–210.

Leslie BM, Medoff RJ. Fracture specific fixation of distal radius fractures. Tech Orthop. 2000; 15:336-352.

Lozano-Calderón SA, Doornberg J, Ring D. Fractures of the dorsal articular margin of the distal part of the radius with dorsal radiocarpal subluxation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006; 88:1486–1493.

MacKenney PJ, McQueen MM, Elton R. Prediction of instability in distal radius fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006; 88:1944–1951.

Melone CP Jr. Articular fractures of the distal radius. Orthop Clin North Am. 1984; 15:217–236.

Nunez FA Jr, Zhongyu L, Campbell D, et al. Distal ulna hook plate: angular stable implant for fixation of distal ulna. J Wrist Surg. 2013 Feb; 2(1):87–92.

Orbay JL, Fernandez DL. Volar fixed-angle plate fixation for unstable distal radius fractures in the elderly patient. J Hand Surg Am. 2004; 29:96–102.

Rikli DA, Regazzoni P. Fractures of the distal end of the radius treated by internal fixation and early function. A preliminary report of 20 cases. J Bone Joint Surg. 1996; 78(4):588–592.

Ring D, Prommersberger KJ, González del Pino J, et al. Corrective osteotomy for intra-articular malunion of the distal part of the radius. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005; 87:1503–1509.

Souer JS, Ring D, Matschke S, et al. Effect of an unrepaired fracture of the ulnar styloid base on outcome after plate- andscrew fixation of a distal radial fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009, 91:830–838.

Taleisnik J, Watson HK. Midcarpal instability caused by malunited fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg Am. 1984; 9:350–357.

Zenke Y, Sakai A, Oshige T, et al. The effect of an associated ulnar styloid fracture on the outcome after fixation of a fracture of the distal radius. J Bone Joint Surg. 2009, 91:102–107.

Adams BD, Berger RA. An anatomic reconstruction of the distal radioulnar ligaments for posttraumatic distal radioulnar joint instability. J Hand Surg Am. 2002; 27:243–251.

Allan CH, Joshi A, Lichtman DM. Kienböck’s disease: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001; 9:128–136.

Bednar MS, Arnoczky SP, et al. The microvasculature of the triangular fibrocartilage complex: its clinical significance. J Hand Surg Am. 1991; 16:1101–1105.

Bilos ZJ, Chamberland D. Distal ulnar head shortening for treatment of triangular fibrocartilage complex tears with ulna positive variance. J Hand Surg Am. 1991; 16:1116–1119.

Breen TF, Jupiter JB. Extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris tenodesis of the unstable distal ulna. J Hand Surg Am. 1989; 14:612–617.

Chen NC, Wolfe SW. Ulna shortening osteotomy using a compression device. J Hand Surg Am. 2003; 28:88–93.

Chun S, Palmer AK. The ulnar impaction syndrome: follow-up of ulnar shortening osteotomy. J Hand Surg Am. 1993; 18:46– 53.

Constantine KJ, Tomaino MM, Herndon JH, et al. Comparison of ulnar shortening osteotomy and the wafer resection procedure as treatment for ulnar impaction syndrome. J Hand Surg Am. 2000; 25:55– 60.

Darrow JC Jr, Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH, et al. Distal ulnar recession for disorders of the distal radioulnar joint. J Hand Surg Am. 1985; 10:482-491.

Ekenstam F, Hagert CG. Anatomical studies on the geometry and stability of the distal radioulnar joint. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985; 19:17–25.

Friedman SL, Palmer AK. The ulnar impaction syndrome. Hand Clin. 1991; 7:295–310.

Geissler WB, Fernandez DL, Lamey DM. Distal radioulnar joint injuries associated with fractures of the distal radius. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996 Jun; 327:135–146.

Hulsizer D, Weiss AP, Akelman E. Ulnar- shortening osteotomy after failed arthroscopic débridement of the triangular fibrocartilage complex. J Hand Surg Am. 1997; 22:694–698.

Kapandji IA. The Kapandji-Sauve procedure. J Hand Surg. 1992; 17:125–126.

Nunez FA Jr, Barnwell J, Li Z, et al. Metaphyseal ulnar shortening osteotomy for the treatment of ulnocarpal abutment syndrome using distal ulna hook plate: Case series. J Hand Surg Am. 2012; 37A:1574–1579.

Palmer AK, Werner FW. Biomechanics of the distal radioulnar joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984; 187:26–35.

Amadio PC, Botte MJ. Treatment of malunion of the distal radius. Hand Clin. 1987; 3:541–561.

Fernandez DL. Correction of post-traumatic wrist deformity in adults by osteotomy, bone-grafting, and internal fixation. J Bone Joint Surg. 1982; 64A:1164–1178 and 2000; 120:23–26.

Fernandez DL. Malunion of the distal radius: current approach to management. Instr Course Lect. 1993; 42:99–113.

Fernandez DL, Jupiter B. Fractures of the Distal Radius: A Practical Approach to Management. New York: Springer;1996.

González del Pino J, Nagy L, González E, et al. Complex intra-articular osteotomy for malunion of the distal radius. Indications and surgical technique. Rev Orthop Traumatol. 2000; 44:406–417.

Jenkins NH, Mintowt-Czyz WJ. Mal-union and dysfunction in Colles’ fracture. J Hand Surg. 1988; 13B:291–293.

Jupiter JB, Fernandez DL. Complications following distal radial fractures. Instr Course Lect. 2002; 51:203–219.

Jupiter JB, Ring D. A comparison of early and late reconstruction of malunited fractures of the distal end of the radius. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78A:739–748.

Knirk JL, Jupiter JB. Intra-articular fractures of the distal end of the radius in young adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986; 68A:647–659.

Lozano-Calderon SA, Brouwer KM, Doornberg JN, et al. Long-term outcomes of corrective osteotomy for the treatment of distal radius malunion. J Hand Surg Am. 2010; 35E:370–380.

Prommersberger KJ, Van Schoonhoven J, Lanz UB. Outcome after corrective osteotomy for malunited fractures of the distal end of the radius. J Hand Surg. 2002; 27B:55–60.

Rikli DA, Regazzoni P. Fractures of the distal end of the radius treated by internal fixation and early function. A preliminary report of 20 cases. J Bone Joint Surg. 1996; 78(4):588–592.

Ring D, Roberge C, Morgan T, et al. Osteotomy for malunited fractures of the distal radius: a comparison of structural and nonstructural autogenous bone grafts. J Hand Surg Am. 2002; 27A:216–222.

Ring D, Prommersberger KJ, Gonzalez del Pino J, et al. Corrective osteotomy for intra-articular malunion of the distal part of the radius. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005; 87A:1503–1509.

Bain GI, Watts AC. The outcome of scaphoid excision and fourcorner arthrodesis for advanced carpal collapse at a minimum of ten years. J Hand Surg Am. 2010; 35(5):719– 725.

Bolano LE, Green DP. Wrist arthrodesis in post-traumatic arthritis: A comparison of two methods. J Hand Surg Am. 1993; 18:786–791.

Borisch BN, Haussmann P. Radio-lunate arthrodesis in the rheumatoid wrist: a retrospective clinical and radiological long-term follow-up. J Hand Surg. 2002; 27:61–72.

Chamay A, Della Santa D, Vilaseca A. Radiolunate arthrodesis factor of stability for the rheumatoid wrist. Ann Chir Main. 1983; 2:5–17.

Cohen MS, Kozin SH. Degenerative arthritis of the wrist: proximal row carpectomy versus scaphoid excision and four-corner arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 2001; 26:94–104.

Cooney WP, Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH. Scaphoid fractures: problems associated with nonunion and avascular necrosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1984; 15:381–391.

Friedman S, Palmer A. The ulnar impaction syndrome. Hand Clin. 1991; 7:295-310.

Garcia-Elias M, Cooney WP, An KN, et al. Wrist kinematics after limited intercarpal arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 1989; 14:791–799.

González del Pino J, Campbell D, Fischer T, et al. Variable angle locking intercarpal fusion system for four-corner arthrodesis: Indications and surgical technique. J Wrist Surg. 2012 Aug; 1(1):73–78.

Hastings H. Arthrodesis of the osteoarthritic wrist. In: Gelberman RH (ed). Master Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery. The Wrist. New York: Raven Press; 1994:345–350.

Hastings H, Weiss APC, Quenzer D, et al. Arthrodesis of the wrist for post-traumatic disorders. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996; 78:897–902.

Krakauer JD, Bishop AT, Cooney WP. Surgical treatment of scapholunate advanced collapse. J Hand Surg Am. 1994; 19:751–759.

Krimmer H, Wiemer P, Kalb K. Comparative outcome assessment of the wrist joint— mediocarpal partial arthrodesis and total arthrodesis. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2000; 32:369–374.

Mulford JS, Ceulemans LJ, Nam D, et al. Proximal row carpectomy vs four corner fusion for scapholunate (SLAC) or scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC) wrists: a systematic review of outcomes. J Hand Surg Eur. 2009; 34(2):256–263.

Nagy L, Büchler U. Long-term results of radioscapholunate fusion following fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg. 1997; 22:705–710.

Ozyurekoglu T, Turker T. Results of a method of 4-corner arthrodesis using headless compression screws. J Hand Surg Am. 2012; 37(3):486–492.

Palmer AK, Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL. Management of post-traumatic instability of the wrist secondary to ligament rupture. J Hand Surg Am. 1978; 3:507–532.

Shin AY. Four-corner arthrodesis. J Am Soc Surg Hand. 2001; 1:93–111.

Shin EK, Jupiter JB. Radioscapholunate arthrodesis for advanced degenerative radiocarpal osteoarthritis. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2007; 11:180–183.

Strauch RJ. Scapholunate advanced collapse and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse arthritis—update on evaluation and treatment. J Hand Surg Am. 2011; 36(4):729–735.

Watson HK, Ballet FL. The SLAC wrist: scapholunate advanced collapse pattern of degenerative arthritis. J Hand Surg Am. 1984; 9:358–365.

Weiss APC, Hastings H. Wrist arthrodesis for traumatic conditions: a study of plate and local bone graft application. J Hand Surg Am. 1995; 20:50–56.

Wyrick JD, Stern PJ, Kiefhaber TR. Motion-preserving procedures in the treatment of scapholunate advanced collapse wrist: proximal row carpectomy versus four-corner arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am. 1995; 20:965–970.