Sitemap: AO Surgery Reference
This sitemap only lists a portion of the AO Surgery Reference contents. You will find more within the respective anatomical modules.
- Back to the AO Surgery Reference
-
Proximal humerus
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Safe zones
- Transdeltoid lateral approach
- Anterior deltopectoral approach
- Limited lateral approach
- Nailing approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extraarticular unifocal fracture of greater tuberosity, not displaced
- A1.2 Extraarticular unifocal fracture of greater tuberosity, displaced
- A1.3 Extraarticular unifocal fracture with glenohumeral dislocation
- A2 Extraarticular unifocal fracture, impacted metaphyseal
- A3 Extraarticular unifocal fracture, nonimpacted metaphyseal
- B1 Extraarticular bifocal fracture, with metaphyseal impaction
- B2 Extraarticular bifocal fracture, without metaphyseal impaction
- B3 Extraarticular bifocal fracture, with glenohumeral dislocation
- C1 Articular fracture with slight displacement
- C2 Articular fracture, impacted with marked displacement
- C3 Articular fracture with glenohumeral dislocation
-
Humerus shaft
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Safe zones
- Antegrade nailing approach
- Retrograde nailing approach
- Anterolateral approach
- Lateral approach
- Dorsal (posterior) approach
- MIPO approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Simple fracture, spiral
- A2 Simple fracture, oblique (>30°)
- A3 Simple fracture, transverse (<30°)
- B1 Spiral wedge fracture
- B2 Bending wedge fracture
- B3 Fragmented wedge fracture
- C1 Complex spiral fracture
- C2 Segmental complex fracture
- C3 Irregular complex fracture
-
Distal humerus
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Lateral approach
- Medial approach
- Safe zones
- Posterior triceps-on approach
- Triceps-elevating approach
- Transolecranon approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extraarticular fracture, with apophyseal avulsion of lateral epicondyle
- A1.2 Extraarticular fracture, with apophyseal avulsion of medial epicondyle
- A1.3 Extraarticular fracture, with apophyseal avulsion of medial epicondyle, incarcerated
- A2.1/2 Extraarticular fracture, metaphyseal simple, oblique downwards
- A2.3 Extraarticular fracture, metaphyseal simple, transverse
- A3.1/2 Extraarticular fracture, metaphyseal multifragmentary, wedge
- A3.3 Extraarticular fracture, metaphyseal multifragmentary, complex
- B1 Partial articular fracture, lateral sagittal
- B2.1 Partial articular fracture, medial sagittal, transtrochlear simple, through the medial side
- B2.2 Partial articular fracture, medial sagittal, transtrochlear simple, through the groove
- B2.3 Partial articular fracture, medial sagittal, transtrochlear multifragmentary
- B3.1 Partial articular fracture, frontal, capitellum
- B3.2 Partial articular fracture, frontal, trochlea
- B3.3 Partial articular fracture, frontal, capitellum and trochlea
- C1 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal simple
- C2 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- C3 Complete articular fracture, multifragmentary
-
Proximal forearm
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Posterior approach
- Safe zones for pin insertion
- Two incision approach
- Anterior approach
- Lateral approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extraarticular fracture of the ulna, avulsion of the triceps insertion
- A1.2 Extraarticular fracture of the ulna, simple metaphyseal
- A1.3 Extraarticular fracture of the ulna, multifragmentary metaphyseal
- A2.1 Extraarticular fracture of the radius, avulsion of bicipital tuberosity
- A2.2 Extraarticular fracture of the radius, simple radial neck
- A2.3 Extraarticular fracture of the radius, multifragmentary radial neck fracture
- A3.1 Extraarticular fracture of both bones, simple
- A3.2/3 Extraarticular fracture of both bones, one or both multifragmentary
- B1 Articular fracture of the ulna
- B2 Articular fracture of the radius
- B3.1 Simple articular ulna, extraarticular radius
- B3.2 Simple articular radius, extraarticular ulna
- B3.3 Multifragmentary articular of one bone, extraarticular of the other
-
- Temporary external fixation
- Hinged external fixation following ORIF
- Tension band plate
- Bridging plate
- Repair of coronoid fracture
- Lag screws and protection plate
- Replacement arthroplasty
- Compression plate
- Compression plate and lag screw
- Lag screw and protection plate
- Bridging plate
- Lag screw fixation
- Compression with T-plate
- Bridging plate (simple, impacted fracture)
- Bridging plate (multifragmentary fracture)
- C1 Simple articular fractures of both bones
- C2.1 Articular fracture of both bones, Olecranon multifragmentary, radial head simple
- C2.2/3 Articular fracture of both bones, olecranon or coronoid simple, radial head multifragmentary
- C3 Multifragmentary articular fractures of both bones
-
Forearm
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Safe zones in the forearm
- IM nailing of the ulna
- Approach to the ulna
- IM nailing of the radius
- Dorsolateral (Thompson)
- Anterior approach (Henry)
- Combined posterior approach
- Speed and Boyd’s approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Simple fracture of the ulna, radius intact, oblique
- A1.2 Simple fracture of the ulna, radius intact, transverse
- A1.3 Simple fracture of the ulna, radius intact, with dislocation of radial head (Monteggia)
- A2.1 Simple fracture of the radius, ulna intact, oblique
- A2.2 Simple fracture of the radius, ulna intact, transverse
- A2.3 Simple fracture of the radius, ulna intact, with dislocation distal radioulnar joint (Galeazzi)
- A3 Simple fracture of both bones
-
- External fixation
- Rigid nail (both bones)
- Elastic nail (both bones)
- Compression plate (Galeazzi fracture)
- Compression plate (Monteggia fracture)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Galeazzi)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Galeazzi)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate
- B1.1 Intact wedge fracture of the ulna, radius intact
- B1.2 Fragmented wedge fracture of the ulna, radius intact
- B1.3 Wedge fracture of the ulna, radius intact, with dislocation of radial head (Monteggia)
- B2.1 Intact wedge fracture of the radius, ulna intact
- B2.2 Fragmented wedge fracture of the radius, ulna intact
- B2.3 edge fracture of the radius, ulna intact, with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint (Galeazzi)
- B3.1 Ulnar wedge and simple fracture of the radius
-
- External fixation
- Rigid nail (both bones)
- Elastic nail (both bones)
- Compression plate (Galeazzi fracture)
- Compression plate (Monteggia fracture)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Galeazzi)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Galeazzi)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Monteggia)
- B3.2 Radial wedge and simple fracture of the ulna
-
- External fixation
- Rigid nail (both bones)
- Elastic nail (both bones)
- Compression plate (Galeazzi fracture)
- Compression plate (Monteggia fracture)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Galeazzi)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Galeazzi)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Monteggia)
- B3.3 Radial and ulnar wedge fractures
-
- External fixation
- Rigid nail (both bones)
- Elastic nail (both bones)
- Compression plate (Galeazzi fracture)
- Compression plate (Monteggia fracture)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Galeazzi)
- Compression plate with lag screw (Monteggia)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Galeazzi)
- Lag screw with neutralization plate (Monteggia)
- C1.1 Complex fracture of the ulna, bifocal, radius intact
- C1.2 Complex fracture of the ulna, bifocal, radius fractured
- C1.3 Complex fracture of the ulna, irregular
- C2.1 Complex fracture of the radius, bifocal, ulna intact
- C2.2 Complex fracture of the radius, bifocal, ulna fractured
- C2.3 Complex fracture of the radius, irregular
- C3 Complex fracture of both bones
-
Distal radius
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Ulnar Approach
- Palmar approaches
- Landmarks for pin insertion
- Anatomy of the distal radius
- Approach to radial styloid
- Dorsal approach
- Dorsal to intermediate column
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Ulna: styloid fracture
- A1.2 Ulna: simple metaphyseal fracture
- A1.3 Ulna: multifragmentary metaphyseal fractures
- A2.1 Radius: extraarticular: undisplaced fracture
- A2.2 Radius: extraarticular: dorsal tilt (Pouteau-Colles)
- A2.3 Radius: extraarticular: volar tilt (Goyrand-Smith)
- A3 Radius: extraarticular: multifragmentary
- B1.1 Partial articular: sagittal: lateral: simple
- B1.2 Partial articular: sagittal: lateral: multifragmentary
- B1.3 Partial articular: sagittal: medial
- B2.1 Partial articular: dorsal rim (Barton): simple
- B2.2 Partial articular: dorsal rim (Barton): with lateral sagittal fracture
- B2.3 Partial articular: dorsal rim (Barton): with dorsal dislocation of the carpus
- B3 Partial articular: volar rim
- C1 Simple articular: with simple metaphyseal injury
- C2 Simple articular: with comminuted metaphysis
- C3 Multifragmentary articular fractures
-
No sitemap title available
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Nailing approach
- Lateral approach (CRIF)
- Anterolateral approach
- Iliofemoral approach
- Direct lateral approach
- Posterolateral approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Pertrochanteric: simple fracture
- A2 Pertrochanteric: multifragmentary fracture
- A3 Intertrochanteric fracture
- B1 Subcapital fracture with slight displacement
- B2 Transcervical fracture
- B3 Displaced, subcapital fracture
- C1 Split fracture of femoral head
-
Femur shaft
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Locations for pin placement
- Antegrade nailing (piriformis)
- Antegrade nailing (trochanteric)
- Retrograde nailing
- Lateral approach
- MIO approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Simple fracture, spiral
-
- Temporary Thomas´s splint
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Compression plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Lag screw with protection plate (midshaft)
- A2 Simple fracture, oblique (>30°)
-
- Temporary Thomas´s splint
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Compression plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Lag screw with protection plate (midshaft)
- A3 Simple fracture, transverse (<30°)
-
- Temporary Thomas´s splint
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Compression plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating - blade plate (subtrochanteric)
- Compression plating (midshaft)
- Compression plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- B1 Wedge fracture, spiral wedge
-
- Temporary Thomas´s splint
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - LISS (distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Lag screw with protection plate (midshaft)
- B2 Wedge fracture, bending wedge
-
- Temporary Thomas´s splint
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - LISS (distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Lag screw with protection plate (midshaft)
- B3 Wedge fracture, fragmented wedge
-
- Temporary Thomas´s splint
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - LISS (distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- C1 Complex fracture, spiral
-
- Temporary Thomas´s splint
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - LISS (distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- C2 Complex fracture, segmented
-
- Temporary Thomas´s splint
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - LISS (distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- C3 Complex fracture, irregular
-
- Temporary Thomas´s splint
- Temporary external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Temporary external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Definitive external fixator (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Definitive external fixator (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (subtrochanteric)
- Antegrade nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - LISS (distal shaft)
- Retrograde nailing (midshaft/distal shaft)
- Bridge plating - locking plate (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating - DCS (subtrochanteric)
- Bridge plating (midshaft)
- Bridge plating - DCS (distal shaft)
-
Distal femur
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Safe zones
- MIPO approach
- Medial approach
- Lateral/anterolateral approach
- Retrograde nailing approach
- Lateral parapatellar approach
- Arthroscopic approach
- Medial parapatellar approach
- Posterior approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extraarticular fracture, simple, apophyseal
- A1.2/3 Extraarticular fracture, simple, metaphyseal oblique or spiral (A1.2) or metaphyseal transverse (A1.3)
-
- Long leg cast - hinged knee brace
- Temporary long leg splint
- Temporary spanning external fixator
- Temporary skeletal traction
- Dynamic condylar screw (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate (LCP)
- Retrograde nailing
- Dynamic condylar screw (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate (LCP)
- Angled blade plate
- A2 Extraarticular fracture, metaphyseal wedge
-
- Long leg cast - hinged knee brace
- Temporary long leg splint
- Temporary spanning external fixator
- Temporary skeletal traction
- Dynamic condylar screw (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate (LCP)
- Less invasive stabilization system (LISS)
- Retrograde nailing
- Dynamic condylar screw (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate (LCP)
- Angled blade plate
- A3 Extraarticular fracture, metaphyseal complex
-
- Long leg cast - hinged knee brace
- Temporary long leg splint
- Temporary spanning external fixator
- Temporary skeletal traction
- Dynamic condylar screw (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate (LCP)
- Less invasive stabilization system (LISS)
- Retrograde nailing
- Dynamic condylar screw (DCS)
- Condylar locking compression plate (LCP)
- Angled blade plate
- B1.1/2 Partial articular fracture, lateral condyle, sagittal, simple
- B1.3 Partial articular fracture, lateral condyle, sagittal, multifragmentary
- B2.1/2 Partial articular fracture, medial condyle, sagittal, simple
- B2.3 Partial articular fracture, medial condyle, sagittal, multifragmentary
- B3.1 Partial articular, frontal, anterior and lateral flake fracture
- B3.2/3 Partial articular fracture, frontal, unicondylar posterior (Hoffa) (B3.2) or bicondylar posterior (B3.3)
- C1 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal simple
- C2 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- C3 Complete articular fracture, multifragmentary
-
Patella
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Midline longitudinal approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Extraarticular avulsion fracture
- A2 Extraarticular isolated body fracture
- B1.1 Partial articular fracture, vertical, lateral, noncomminuted
- B1.2 Partial articular fracture, vertical, lateral, comminuted
- B2.1 Partial articular fracture, vertical, medial, noncomminuted
- B2.2 Partial articular fracture, vertical, medial, comminuted
- C1.1/2 Complete articular fracture, transverse, middle (C1.1) or proximal (C1.2)
- C1.3 Complete articular fracture, transverse, distal
- C2 Complete articular transverse fracture plus additional fragment
- C3.1 Complete articular, complex fracture, with 3 fragments
- C3.2 Complete articular, complex fracture, with more than 3 fragments
-
Proximal tibia
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1 Extraarticular fracture, avulsion of the fibular head
- A1.2 Extraarticular fracture, avulsion of the tibial tuberosity
- A1.3 Extraarticular fracture, avulsion of the cruciate insertion
- A2 Extra-articular fracture, metaphyseal simple
- A3 Extra-articular fracture, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- B1 Partial articular fracture, pure split
- B2 Partial articular fracture, pure depression
- B3 Partial articular fracture, split-depression
- C1 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal simple
- C2 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- C3 Complete articular fracture, articular multifragmentary
-
Tibia shaft
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Safe zones for pin insertion
- Intramedullary nailing approach
- Anterolateral approach, MIO
- Medial approach, MIO
- Anterior approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Simple spiral fracture
- A2 Simple oblique fracture
-
- Nonoperative (casting)
- Modular external fixator
- Standard (uniplanar) external fixator
- Ring fixator (Ilizarov)
- Intramedullary nailing
- Tibial nailing without image intensification
- MIO - Compression plating
- ORIF - Lag screws through protection plate
- ORIF - Lag screws outside protection plate
- ORIF - Compression plate with lag screw
- A3 Simple transverse fracture
- B1 Spiral wedge fracture
- B2 Bending wedge fracture
- B3 Fragmented wedge fracture
- C1 Complex spiral fracture
- C2 Complex segmental fracture
- C3 Complex irregular fractures
-
Distal tibia
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Safe zones
- Nailing approach
- Minimally invasive approach
- Anteromedial approach
- Anterolateral approach
- Posteromedial approach
- Medial approach
- Posterolateral approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1 Extraarticular fractures, metaphyseal simple
- A2 Extraarticular wedge fractures
- A3 Complex metaphyseal fractures
-
- Cast as initial temporary treatment
- Traction (initial provisional stabilization)
- As initial temporary treatment: joint-bridging external fixator
- Hybrid external fixator
- Full ring fixator
- Intramedullary nailing (reamed)
- MIPO - Bridge plating of 43-A3.3 fracture
- MIPO - Bridge plating of 43-A3.1/3.2 fractures
- B1 Partial articular fractures – “Pure split fractures"
- B2 Partial articular fractures – “split-depression fractures”
- B3 Partial articular fracture, multifragmentary depression
- C1 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal simple
- C2 Complete articular fracture, articular simple, metaphyseal multifragmentary
- C3 Complete articular fractures, multifragmentary
-
- Traction (initial provisional stabilization)
- As initial temporary treatment: joint-bridging external fixator
- Fixation of 3-part articular fracture through anterolateral approach
- Fixation of complex pilon fracture through anterolateral approach
- Fixation of complex pilon fracture through anteromedial approach
-
Malleoli
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Lateral approach
- Medial approach (anterior)
- Safe zones
- Posteromedial approach
- Lateral approach
- Reduction & Fixations
- A1.1/2 Infrasyndesmotic lesion, isolated, rupture of the lateral collateral ligaments (A1.1) or avulsion of the tip of the lateral malleolus (A1.2)
- A1.3 Infrasyndesmotic lesion, isolated, transverse fracture of the lateral malleolus
- A2.1 Infrasyndesmotic lateral lesion, with fracture of the medial malleolus, rupture of the lateral collateral ligaments
- A2.2/3 Infrasyndesmotic lateral lesion, with fracture of the medial malleolus, avulsion of the tip of the lateral malleolus (A2.2) or transverse fracture of the lateral malleolus (A2.3)
- A3.1 Infrasyndesmotic lateral lesion, with posteromedial fracture, rupture of the lateral collateral ligaments
- A3.2/3 Infrasyndesmotic lateral lesion, with posteromedial fracture, avulsion of the tip of the lateral malleolus (A3.2) or transverse fracture of the lateral malleolus (A3.3)
- B1.1/2 Isolated transsyndesmotic fibular fracture, simple
- B1.3 Isolated transsyndesmotic fibular fracture, multifragmentary
- B2.1/2 Transsyndesmotic fibular fracture, with medial lesion, simple, with ruptured medial collateral ligament (B2.1) or with fracture of the medial malleolus (B2.2)
- B2.3 Transsyndesmotic fibular fracture, with medial lesion, multifragmentary
- B3.1 Transsyndesmotic fibular fracture, with medial lesion and fracture of the posterolateral rim (Volkmann), simple, with ruptured medial collateral ligament
- B3.2 Transsyndesmotic fibular fracture, with medial lesion and fracture of the posterolateral rim (Volkmann), simple, with fracture of the medial malleolus
- B3.3 Transsyndesmotic fibular fracture, with medial lesion and fracture of the posterolateral rim (Volkmann), multifragmentary, medial malleolus fractured
- C1 Suprasyndesmotic diaphyseal fibular fracture, with medial lesion
- C2 Suprasyndesmotic fracture of the fibula, multifragmentary
- C3 Suprasyndesmotic lesion, proximal fibular lesion (Maisonneuve)
-
Acetabulum
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Kocher-Langenbeck
- Trochanter flip extension
- Ilioinguinal approach
- Iliofemoral approach
- Extended iliofemoral
- Reduction & Fixations
- Nonoperative
- Kocher-Langenbeck
- Ilioinguinal
- Extended iliofemoral
-
Carpus
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Anatomical structures
- Palmar to the scaphoid
- Dorsal to the scaphoid
- Combined to perilunate
- Reduction & Fixations
- Scaphoid
-
- Undisplaced waist fracture
- Displaced waist fractures
- Proximal pole fractures
- Perilunate
-
- Scapholunate dissociations
- Lunocapitate dissociation
- Lunotriquetral dissociation
- Complete lunar dislocation
- Perilunar fractures
-
Thumb
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Approach to base of the thumb
- Approach to joint of the thumb
- Approach to joint of the thumb
- Approach to IPjoint of the thumb
- Approach to thumb metacarpal
- Reduction & Fixations
- Thumb metacarpal
-
- Comminuted fracture of the thumb base
- Bennett fracture
- Extraarticular thumb base fracture
- Rolando fracture
- Proximal phalanx (thumb)
-
- Avulsion of ulnar collateral ligament (Skier's thumb)
- Pilon fractures of the proximal phalanx
- Comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx
-
Metacarpals
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Dorso-ulnar to 5th metacarpal
- Dorsal fifth carpo-metacarpal
- Dorsal to the finger joints
- Dorsal approach to metacarpals
- Dorsal to 2nd metacarpal
- Dorsal to 5th metacarpal
- Reduction & Fixations
- Metacarpal base
-
- Base fracture
- Metacarpal shaft
-
- Comminuted fracture
- Simple transverse fracture
- Short oblique fracture
- Long oblique (spiral) fracture
- Metacarpal head
-
- Subcapital fractures
- Intraarticular head fracture
-
Phalanges
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Midaxial
- Palmar to PIP joint
- Radiopalmar
- Dorsal
- Dorsoulnar
- Dorsal to the DIP joint
- Palmar to the DIP joint
- Dorsal to phalangeal metaphysis
- Dorsal to the middle phalanx
- Midaxial to the proximal phalanx
- Midaxial to the PIP joint
- Dorsal to the PIP joint
- Dorsal to the IP joint
- Percutaneous through finger tip
- Reduction & Fixations
- Proximal phalanx
-
- Oblique distal condylar fracture
- Long oblique distal condylar fracture
- PIP joint - T-shaped fracture
- PIP joint - unicondylar fracture dislocation
- Short oblique head fracture
- Comminuted fracture of the distal metaphysis
- Simple oblique fractures
- Transverse head fracture
- Oblique wedge fractures
- Multifragmentary fractures
- Simple transverse fractures
- Short oblique fractures
- Long oblique fractures
- MCP joint - avulsion fracture
- MCP joint - collateral ligament avulsion
- MCP joint - vertical shearing fracture
- MCP joint - Compression / comminution fracture
- Base - Transverse fracture
- Middle phalanx
-
- Simple transverse fracture
- Oblique fractures
- Multifragmentary fracture
- PIP joint - lateral dislocation
- PIP joint - dorsal avulsion fracture
- PIP joint - comminuted and impacted fracture
- PIP joint - collateral ligament avulsion
- PIP joint - volar plate avulsion
- PIP joint - Pilon compression fracture
- PIP joint - lateral plateau compression fracture
- PIP joint - central impaction fracture
- PIP joint - small fragment avulsion of volar plate
- PIP joint - comminuted avulsion of volar plate
- DIP joint - oblique condylar fractures
- DIP joint - Bicondylar (lambda) fracture
- Distal phalanx
-
- Transverse fractures
- Palmar avulsion with small bony fragment
- Dorsal avulsion fracture (mallet finger)
- Palmar avulsion with large bony fragment
- DIP joint - Dislocation
- Multifragmentary fractures
-
Mandible
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- Intraoral approach to symphysis
- Use of existing lacerations
- Submental approach
- Safe zones
- Submandibular approach
- Intraoral approach to the angle
- Facelift (rhytidectomy) approach
- Preauricular approach
- Retromandibular approaches
- Intraoral approach to the ramus
- Reduction & Fixations
- Symphysis and parasymphysis
-
- simple
- Body
- Angle and ramus
-
- simple
- Condylar process and head
-
Midface
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Approaches
- The use of existing lacerations
- Approaches to the maxilla
- Lower eyelid - transcutaneous
- Lower eyelid - transconjunctival
- Glabellar approach
- Coronal approach
- Not recommended
- Superolateral orbital rim
- Preauricular approach
- Zygomatic arch (indirect)
- Reduction & Fixations
- Palatoalveolar
-
- Simple injury
- Complex injury
- Le Fort
-
- Type I
-
- Linear fracture
- Unilateral comminution
- Bilateral comminution
- Edentulous patients
- Orbit
-
- Orbital floor fracture
- Medial orbital wall fracture
- Combined fractures (medial wall and orbital floor)
- Orbital roof fracture
- Lateral orbital wall fracture (see Zygomatic complex fracture)
-
- Zygoma
-
- Isolated zygomatic arch fracture
-
- Closed treatment
- Open treatment
- Zygomatic complex fracture
-
- Closed treatment
- Open treatment without orbital reconstruction
- Open treatment with orbital reconstruction
-
Dentoalveolar trauma
- Diagnosis
- Overview
- Reduction & Fixations
- Tooth fracture
-
- Enamel fracture with or without dentin exposure
- Pulp exposure
- Crown-root fracture (with or without pulp exposure)
- Root fracture
- Tooth luxation
-
- Without displacement
- With displacement
- Avulsion (total luxation)
- Alveolar fracture
-
- Segmental fracture